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<TeXmacs|2.1.2>
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<style|<tuple|generic|chinese|doc>>
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<\body>
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<\hide-preamble>
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<assign|term|<macro|x|<translate|<arg|x>|english|chinese><glossary-explain|<arg|x>|<translate|<arg|x>|english|chinese>>>>
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</hide-preamble>
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<doc-data|<doc-title|数学结构入门>|<doc-author|<author-data|<author-name|沈达>>>>
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<subsection|上标和下标>
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\;
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<term|superscript>和<term|subscript>是最基础的数学结构。除了上标和下标,还有<term|left
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superscript>、<term|left subscript>、<term|script above>和<term|script
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below>。
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<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|1|1|-1|cell-background|pastel
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green>|<cwith|1|-1|1|-1|cell-halign|c>|<cwith|4|4|2|2|cell-row-span|2>|<cwith|4|4|2|2|cell-col-span|1>|<cwith|1|-1|1|-1|cell-valign|c>|<table|<row|<cell|上下标>|<cell|示例>|<cell|输入方式>>|<row|<cell|上标>|<cell|<math|360<rsup|\<circ\>>>>|<cell|<key|^>>>|<row|<cell|下标>|<cell|<math|A<rsub|i
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j>>>|<cell|<key|_>>>|<row|<cell|左上标>|<cell|<math|<lsup|227><lsub|90>Th>>|<cell|>>|<row|<cell|左下标>|<cell|>|<cell|>>|<row|<cell|正上标>|<cell|<math|<above|<text|您>|<text|nín>><above|<text|好>|<text|h\<#001CE\>o>>>>|<cell|<menu|Insert|Script|Script
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above>>>|<row|<cell|正下标>|<cell|<math|<below|min|i>>>|<cell|<menu|Insert|Script|Script
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below>>>>>>>
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上下标的输入方式
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</big-table>
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<term|left subscript>和<term|left subscript>的输入,稍稍有一些不一样,按照从左到右的顺序,我们可以先用<menu|Insert|Script|Left
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Subscript>输入左上标,然后再把光标往右移出左下标的作用范围,输入左下标所依附的主体,最后将光标移动到<term|left
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subscript>的作用范围内,使用<term|focus dependent
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icons>里面的<icon|tm_insert_up.svg>按钮,就可以进入<term|left
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superscript>的输入结构。
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<subsection|分式>
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\;
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分式不仅可以在数学模式下使用,在文本模式下,也可以输入。使用命令<markup|frac><\footnote>
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命令<markup|frac>:是指使用<key|\\><key|f><key|r><key|a><key|c><key|return>这样的按键序列来输入内容,按下<key|\\>之后进入进入<LaTeX>/<TeXmacs>混合命令模式,然后输入命令,最后按下回车键。下文中提到的其它命令,也是类似的输入方式。
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</footnote>,在任何模式下都可以使用分式。不同的系统下,在数学模式中输入分式的快捷键<\footnote>
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<key|escape escape>这个快捷键前缀是随系统变化的,在macOS中是Option键。而<key*|escape
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escape>是不随系统变化的,都是按两下ESC键。
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</footnote>是不同的:
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<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|1|2|2|cell-valign|b>|<cwith|1|-1|1|-1|cell-halign|c>|<cwith|1|1|1|-1|cell-background|pastel
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green>|<table|<row|<cell|输入方式>|<cell|适用场景>|<cell|系统>>|<row|<cell|<markup|frac>>|<cell|任意模式>|<cell|通用>>|<row|<cell|<menu|Insert|Fraction>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|通用>>|<row|<cell|<key|escape
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escape><key|f>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|随系统变化>>|<row|<cell|<key*|escape
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escape><key|f>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|通用>>>>>>
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分式的输入方式
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</big-table>
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<subsection|根式>
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\;
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根式和分式类似,在所有模式下都可以使用,不过一般我们只在数学模式下使用。就平方根<glossary-explain|square
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root|平方根>而言,输入方式如下表所示:
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<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|-1|1|-1|cell-halign|c>|<cwith|4|4|1|1|cell-valign|b>|<table|<row|<cell|输入方式>|<cell|适用场景>|<cell|系统>>|<row|<cell|<markup|sqrt>>|<cell|任意模式>|<cell|通用>>|<row|<cell|<menu|Insert|Square
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root>>|<cell|任意模式>|<cell|通用>>|<row|<cell|<key|escape
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escape><key|s>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|随系统变化>>|<row|<cell|<key*|escape
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escape><key|s>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|通用>>>>>>
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平方根的输入方式
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</big-table>
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对于高次方根<glossary-explain|multiple
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root|高次方根>,在数学模式下,可以使用菜单项<menu|Insert|Multiple
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root>插入。也可以在输入平方根的当下<\footnote>
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当下:指在输入平方根之后,立即按下<key|tab>。另外,使用命令输入之后,该方式无效。
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</footnote>,使用<key|tab>将平方根切换到高次方根。
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除了用菜单、命令、快捷键输入数学结构,也可以使用工具栏。菜单之下,有三个工具栏:
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<\itemize>
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<item>主要工具栏:通用功能,不随模式和焦点的改变而变化
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<item>模式工具栏:随着模式的改变而变化,数学模式下,模式工具栏比较常用
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<item>焦点工具栏:随着焦点的改变而变化,对应于菜单栏中的焦点菜单
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</itemize>
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\;
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在输入平方根之后,我们可以使用<menu|Focus|Multiple
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root>将平方根切换为高次方根。焦点菜单中的菜单项,都可以在焦点工具栏中找到对应的按钮。
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<subsection|矩阵><label|matrix>
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\;
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<TeXmacs>的矩阵<glossary-explain|matrix|矩阵>在底层实际上是表格,所以在使用上和表格的操作几乎相同。
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<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|1|1|-1|cell-background|pastel
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green>|<cwith|1|1|3|3|cell-background|pastel
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green>|<table|<row|<cell|amsmath>|<cell|示例>|<cell|命令>>|<row|<cell|matrix>|<cell|<with|math-display|true|<math|<matrix*|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>>>>|<cell|<markup|matrix*>>>|<row|<cell|bmatrix>|<cell|<bmatrix|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>>|<cell|<markup|bmatrix>>>|<row|<cell|vmatrix>|<cell|<det|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>>|<cell|<compound|markup|>>>|<row|<cell|pmatrix>|<cell|<matrix|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>>|<cell|<markup|matrix>>>|<row|<cell|Bmatrix>|<cell|<math|<around*|{|<matrix*|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>|}>>>|<cell|>>|<row|<cell|Vmatrix>|<cell|<math|<around*|\<\|\|\>|<matrix*|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>|\<\|\|\>>>>|<cell|>>>>>>
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矩阵一览
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</big-table>
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AMS-<LaTeX>里面提供了一系列矩阵环境,都可以在<TeXmacs>中轻松输入。如上表所示,其中的matrix,
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bmatrix, pmatrix都可以通过<TeXmacs>命令输入,而vmatrix即行列式,可以通过菜单项<menu|Insert|Table|Determinant><\footnote>
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注意:菜单项行列式当且仅当在数学环境中才可见。
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</footnote>输入。剩下的Bmatrix和Vmatrix,则可以先输入外围的括号,再使用命令<markup|matrix*>输入。
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矩阵环境中常用的省略号有<markup|dots>, <markup|vdots>,
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<markup|ddots>:
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<\equation*>
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A=<bmatrix|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a<rsub|1
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1>>|<cell|\<ldots\>>|<cell|a<rsub|1 n>>>|<row|<cell|>|<cell|\<ddots\>>|<cell|\<vdots\>>>|<row|<cell|0>|<cell|>|<cell|a<rsub|n
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n>>>>>><rsub|n\<times\>n>
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</equation*>
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\;
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这三种省略号,除了直接用<LaTeX>模拟命令输入,也可以采用<TeXmacs>特有的快捷键系统:
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<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|1|1|-1|cell-background|pastel
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green>|<cwith|1|-1|1|1|cell-halign|c>|<table|<row|<cell|省略号>|<cell|按键序列>>|<row|<cell|<math|\<ldots\>>>|<cell|<key|$><key|.><key|.>>>|<row|<cell|<math|\<vdots\>>>|<cell|<key|$><key|.><key|.><key|tab><key|tab><key|tab>>>|<row|<cell|<math|\<ddots\>>>|<cell|<key|$><key|.><key|.><key|tab><key|tab><key|tab><key|tab>>>>>>>
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省略号的输入
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</big-table>
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当我们把光标放在省略号之后,就可以在底部状态栏看到光标所在位置省略号的名字。
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还有另外两个场景,其本质是矩阵的特殊形式。
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其一是分段函数,在<TeXmacs>中这种数学结构叫做<dfn|选择><glossary-explain|choice|选择>,可以通过<menu|Insert|Table|Choice>输入:
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<\equation*>
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<choice|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|y=-<frac|1|2>x+3>|<cell|,x\<in\><around*|(|-\<infty\>,0|)>>>|<row|<cell|y=<frac|1|2>x<rsup|2>>|<cell|,x\<in\><around*|[|0,+\<infty\>|)>>>>>>
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</equation*>
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\;
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其二是求和公式下面的<dfn|堆叠><glossary-explain|stack|堆叠>,可以通过<menu|Insert|Table|Stack>输入:
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<\equation*>
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<big|sum><rsub|<stack|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|0\<less\>i\<less\>n>>|<row|<cell|0\<less\>j\<less\>m>>>>>>x<rsub|i
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j>
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</equation*>
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\;
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</body>
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<initial|<\collection>
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</collection>>
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<\references>
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<\collection>
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<associate|auto-1|<tuple|1|?>>
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<associate|auto-10|<tuple|1|?>>
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<associate|auto-11|<tuple|left subscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-12|<tuple|left subscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-13|<tuple|left subscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-14|<tuple|left subscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-15|<tuple|focus dependent icons|?>>
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<associate|auto-16|<tuple|left superscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-17|<tuple|2|?>>
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<associate|auto-18|<tuple|2|?>>
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<associate|auto-19|<tuple|2|?>>
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<associate|auto-2|<tuple|superscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-20|<tuple|3|?>>
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<associate|auto-21|<tuple|square root|?>>
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<associate|auto-22|<tuple|3|?>>
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<associate|auto-23|<tuple|3|?>>
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<associate|auto-24|<tuple|multiple root|?>>
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<associate|auto-25|<tuple|multiple root|?>>
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<associate|auto-26|<tuple|<with|mode|<quote|math>|\<bullet\>>|?>>
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<associate|auto-27|<tuple|4|?>>
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<associate|auto-28|<tuple|matrix|?>>
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<associate|auto-29|<tuple|4|?>>
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<associate|auto-3|<tuple|subscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-30|<tuple|4|?>>
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<associate|auto-31|<tuple|5|?>>
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<associate|auto-32|<tuple|choice|?>>
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<associate|auto-33|<tuple|choice|?>>
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<associate|auto-34|<tuple|stack|?>>
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<associate|auto-35|<tuple|stack|?>>
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<associate|auto-4|<tuple|left superscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-5|<tuple|left subscript|?>>
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<associate|auto-6|<tuple|script above|?>>
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<associate|auto-7|<tuple|script below|?>>
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<associate|auto-8|<tuple|1|?>>
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<associate|auto-9|<tuple|1|?>>
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<associate|footnote-1|<tuple|1|?>>
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<associate|footnote-2|<tuple|2|?>>
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<associate|footnote-3|<tuple|3|?>>
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<associate|footnote-4|<tuple|4|?>>
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<associate|footnr-1|<tuple|1|?>>
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<associate|footnr-2|<tuple|2|?>>
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<associate|footnr-3|<tuple|3|?>>
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<associate|footnr-4|<tuple|4|?>>
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<associate|matrix|<tuple|4|?>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
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</collection>
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</references>
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<\auxiliary>
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<\collection>
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<\associate|gly>
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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<tuple|normal|superscript|上标|<pageref|auto-2>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
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|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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<tuple|normal|subscript|下标|<pageref|auto-3>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
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|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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<tuple|normal|left superscript|左上标|<pageref|auto-4>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
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|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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<tuple|normal|left subscript|左下标|<pageref|auto-5>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
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|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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<tuple|normal|script above|顶标|<pageref|auto-6>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
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|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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<tuple|normal|script below|底标|<pageref|auto-7>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
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|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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<tuple|normal|left subscript|左下标|<pageref|auto-11>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
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|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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|
<tuple|normal|left subscript|左下标|<pageref|auto-12>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
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|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
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|
<tuple|normal|left subscript|左下标|<pageref|auto-14>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
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|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
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|
|
<tuple|normal|focus dependent icons|焦点工具栏|<pageref|auto-15>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
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|
|
<tuple|normal|left superscript|左上标|<pageref|auto-16>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
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|
|
<tuple|normal|square root|平方根|<pageref|auto-21>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
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|
|
<tuple|normal|multiple root|高次方根|<pageref|auto-24>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
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|
|
<tuple|normal|matrix|矩阵|<pageref|auto-28>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
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|
|
<tuple|normal|choice|选择|<pageref|auto-32>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|normal|stack|堆叠|<pageref|auto-34>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
</associate>
|
|
|
|
|
<\associate|idx>
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|上下标>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|顶标>>|<pageref|auto-9>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|上下标>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|底标>>|<pageref|auto-10>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|上下标>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|Left
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Subscript>>|<pageref|auto-13>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|分式>>|<pageref|auto-19>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|平方根>>|<pageref|auto-23>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|高次方根>>|<pageref|auto-25>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|焦点>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|高次方根>>|<pageref|auto-26>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|表格>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|行列式>>|<pageref|auto-30>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|表格>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|选择>>|<pageref|auto-33>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|表格>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|堆叠>>|<pageref|auto-35>>
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
</associate>
|
|
|
|
|
<\associate|table>
|
|
|
|
|
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|1>|>
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
上下标的输入方式
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
</surround>|<pageref|auto-8>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|2>|>
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
分式的输入方式
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
</surround>|<pageref|auto-18>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|3>|>
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
平方根的输入方式
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
</surround>|<pageref|auto-22>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|4>|>
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
矩阵一览
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
</surround>|<pageref|auto-29>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|5>|>
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
省略号的输入
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
</surround>|<pageref|auto-31>>
|
|
|
|
|
</associate>
|
|
|
|
|
<\associate|toc>
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|1<space|2spc>上标和下标
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
|
|
|
|
|
<no-break><pageref|auto-1>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|2<space|2spc>分式
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
|
|
|
|
|
<no-break><pageref|auto-17>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|3<space|2spc>根式
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
|
|
|
|
|
<no-break><pageref|auto-20>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-29 19:24:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|4<space|2spc>矩阵
|
2022-05-25 21:48:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
|
|
|
|
|
<no-break><pageref|auto-27>>
|
|
|
|
|
</associate>
|
|
|
|
|
</collection>
|
|
|
|
|
</auxiliary>
|