mirror of https://github.com/texmacs/doc.git
323 lines
14 KiB
Tcl
323 lines
14 KiB
Tcl
<TeXmacs|1.0.1.10>
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<style|tmdoc>
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<\body>
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<expand|tmdoc-title|Les polices de caractères <TeXmacs>>
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<section|Classical conceptions of fonts>
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The way <apply|TeXmacs> handles fonts is quite different from classical
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text editors and even from <apply|TeX>. Let us first analyze some classical
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ways of conceiving fonts.
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<\itemize>
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<item>Physical fonts are just given by the name of a file, which contains
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a character set, i.e. a list of bitmaps. Usually the size of a character
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set is limited by 256 (or 65536).
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<item>True type fonts essentially work in the same way, except that the
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bitmaps can now be computed for any desired size.
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<item>In the X-window system, the name of the font is replaced by a more
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systematic name, which explicitly contains a certain number of font
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parameters, such as its size, series and shape. This makes it easier for
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applications to select an appropriate font. However, character sets are
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still limited in size.
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<item>In <apply|TeX>, symbols are seen as commands, which select an
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appropriate physical font (which corresponds to a <verbatim|.tfm> and a
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<verbatim|.pk> file), based on symbol font declarations and environment
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variables (such as size, series and shape).
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</itemize>
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Clearly, among all these methods, <apply|TeX> provides the largest
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flexibility. However, philosophically speaking, we think that it also has
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some drawbacks:
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<\itemize>
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<item>There is no distinction between usual commands and commands to make
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symbols: the current time might be considered as a symbol.
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<item>The encoding of the font is fixed by the names of the commands. For
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instance, for mathematical symbols, no clean general encoding scheme is
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provided, except the default naming of symbols by commands.
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<item>For beginners, it remains extremely hard to use non standard fonts.
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</itemize>
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Actually, in <apply|TeX>, the notion of ``the current font'' is
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ill-defined: it is merely the superposition of all character generating
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commands.
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<section|The conception of a font in TeXmacs>
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Philosophically speaking, we think that a font should be characterized by
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the following two essential properties:
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<\enumerate>
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<item>A font associates graphical meanings to <with|font
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shape|italic|words>. The words can always be represented by strings.
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<item>The way this association takes place is coherent as a function of
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the word.
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</enumerate>
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By a word, we either mean a word in a natural language, or a sequence of
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mathematical, technical or artistic symbols.
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This way of viewing fonts has several advantages:
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<\enumerate>
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<item>A font may take care of kerning and ligatures.
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<item>A font may consist of several ``physical fonts'', which are somehow
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merged together.
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<item>A font might in principle automatically build very complicated
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glyphs like hieroglyphs or large delimiters from words in a well chosen
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encoding.
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<item>A font is an irreductable and persistent entity, not a bunch of
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commands whose actions may depend on some environement.
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</enumerate>
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Notice finally that the ``graphical meaning'' of a word might be more than
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just a bitmap: it might also contain some information about a logical
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bounding box, appropriate places for scripts, etc. Similarly, the
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``coherence of the association'' should be interpreted in its broadest
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sense: the font might contain additional information for the global
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typesetting of the words on a page, like the recommended distance between
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lines, the height of a fraction bar, etc.
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<section|String encodings>
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All text strings in <apply|TeXmacs> consist of sequences of either specific
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or universal symbols. A specific symbol is a character, different from
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<verbatim|'\\0'>, <verbatim|'\<less\>'> and <verbatim|'\<gtr\>'>. Its
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meaning may depend on the particular font which is being used. A universal
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symbol is a string starting with <verbatim|'\<less\>'>, followed by an
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arbitrary sequence of characters different from <verbatim|'\\0'>,
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<verbatim|'\<less\>'> and <verbatim|'\<gtr\>'>, and ending with
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<verbatim|'\<gtr\>'>. The meaning of universal characters does not depend
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on the particular font which is used, but different fonts may render them
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in a different way.
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Universal symbols can also be used to represent mathematical symbols of
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variable sizes like large brackets. The point here is that the shapes of
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such symbols depend on certain size parameters, which can not conveniently
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be thought of as font parameters. This problem is solved by letting the
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extra parameters be part of the symbol. For instance,
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<verbatim|"\<less\>left-(-1\<gtr\>"> would be usual bracket and
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<verbatim|"\<less\>left-(-2\<gtr\>"> a slightly larger one.
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<section|The abstract font class>
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The main abstract <verbatim|font> class is defined in <verbatim|font.hpp>:\
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<\verbatim>
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\ \ \ \ struct font_rep: rep\<less\>font\<gtr\> {<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ display \ dis; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // underlying
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display<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ encoding enc;
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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // underlying encoding of the font<format|next
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line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ design_size; \ \ \ \ \ // design size in
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points/256<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ display_size;
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\ \ \ \ // display size in points/PIXEL<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ double \ \ slope; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // italic
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slope<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ space \ \ \ spc;
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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // usual space between words<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ space \ \ \ extra; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // extra space at end
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of words<format|next line><format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ y1;
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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // bottom y position<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ y2; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // top y
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position<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ yfrac;
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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // vertical position fraction bar<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ ysub; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // base line for
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subscripts<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ ysup;
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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // base line for superscripts<format|next
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line><format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ wpt;
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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // width of one point in font<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ wquad; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // wpt * design
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size in points<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ wunit;
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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // unit width for extendable fonts<format|next
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line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ wfrac; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // width
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fraction bar<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ wsqrt;
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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // width horzontal line in square root<format|next
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line> \ \ \ \ \ SI \ \ \ \ \ \ wneg; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ // width of
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negation line<format|next line><format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ font_rep
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(display dis, string name);<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ font_rep (display
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dis, string name, font fn);<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ void
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copy_math_pars (font fn);<format|next line><format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ virtual void \ \ get_extents (string s, text_extents& ex) =
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0;<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ virtual void \ \ draw (ps_device dev,
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string s, SI x, SI y) = 0;<format|next line><format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ virtual SI \ \ \ \ get_sub_base (string s);<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ virtual SI \ \ \ \ get_sup_base (string s);<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ virtual double get_left_slope \ (string s);<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ virtual double get_right_slope (string s);<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ virtual SI \ \ \ \ get_left_correction \ (string
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s);<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ virtual SI \ \ \ \ get_right_correction
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(string s);<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ virtual SI
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\ \ \ \ get_lsub_correction (string s, double level);<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ virtual SI \ \ \ \ get_lsup_correction (string s, double
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level);<format|next line> \ \ \ \ \ virtual SI
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\ \ \ \ get_rsub_correction (string s, double level);<format|next line>
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\ \ \ \ \ virtual SI \ \ \ \ get_rsup_correction (string s, double
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level);<format|next line><format|next line> \ \ \ \ void var_get_extents
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(string s, text_extents& ex);<format|next line> \ \ \ \ void var_draw
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(ps_device dev, string s, SI x, SI y);<format|next line> \ \ \ \ virtual
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bitmap_char get_bitmap (string s);<format|next line> \ \ };
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</verbatim>
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The main abstract routines are <verbatim|get_extents> and <verbatim|draw>.
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The first routine determines the logical and physical bounding boxes of a
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graphical representation of a word, the second one draws the string on the
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the screen.
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The additional data are used for global typesetting using the font. The
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other virtual routines are used for determening additional properties of
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typesetted strings.
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<section|Implementation of concrete fonts>
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Several types of concrete fonts have been implemented in <apply|TeXmacs>:
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<\description>
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<expand|item*|TeX text fonts.>See <verbatim|src/Resource/Fonts/tex_font.cpp>.
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<expand|item*|TeX rubber fonts.>See <verbatim|src/Resource/Fonts/tex_rubber_font.cpp>.
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<expand|item*|X fonts.>See <verbatim|src/Resource/Fonts/ps_font.cpp>.
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<expand|item*|Mathematical fonts.>See
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<verbatim|src/Resource/Fonts/math_font.cpp>.
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<expand|item*|Virtual fonts.>See <verbatim|src/Resource/Fonts/virtual_font.cpp>.
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</description>
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In most cases, the lowest layer of the implementation consists of a
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collection of bitmaps, together with some font metric information. The font
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is responsable for putting these bitmaps together on the screen using some
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appropriate spacing. The <verbatim|ps_device> class comes with a method to
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display bitmaps in a nice, anti-aliased way, or to print them out.
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<section|Font selection>
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After having implemented fonts themselves, an important remaining issue is
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the selection of the appropriate font as a function of a certain number of
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parameters, such as its name, series, shape and size. For optimal
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flexibility, <apply|TeXmacs> comes with a powerful macro-based
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font-selection scheme (using the <apply|scheme> syntax), which allows the
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user to decide which parameters should be considered meaningful.
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At the lowest level, we provide a fixed number of macros which directly
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correspond to the above types of concrete fonts. For instance, the macro\
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<\verbatim>
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\ \ \ \ (tex $name $size $dpi)
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</verbatim>
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corresponds to the constructor\
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<\verbatim>
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\ \ \ \ font tex_font (display dis, string fam, int size, int dpi, int
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dsize=10);
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</verbatim>
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of a <apply|TeX> text font.
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At the middle level, it is possible to specify some rewriting rules like\
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<\verbatim>
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\ \ \ \ ((roman rm medium right $s $d) (ec ecrm $s $d))<format|next line>
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\ \ \ ((avant-garde rm medium right $s $d) (tex rpagk $s $d
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0))<format|next line> \ \ \ ((x-times rm medium right $s $d) (ps
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adobe-times-medium-r-normal $s $d))
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</verbatim>
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When a left hand pattern is matched, it is recursively substituted by the
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right hand side. The files in the directory <verbatim|progs/fonts> contain
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a large number of rewriting rules.
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At the top level, <apply|TeXmacs> calls a macro of the form\
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<\verbatim>
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\ \ \ \ ($name $family $series $shape $size $dpi)
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</verbatim>
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as a function of the current environment in the text. In the future, the
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top level macro call might change in order to enable the user to let the
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font depend on other environment variables.
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<apply|tmdoc-copyright|1998--2003|Joris van der Hoeven|Michèle Garoche>
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<expand|tmdoc-license|Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
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modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
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Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
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Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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"GNU Free Documentation License".>
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</body>
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<\initial>
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<\collection>
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<associate|paragraph width|150mm>
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<associate|odd page margin|30mm>
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<associate|shrinking factor|4>
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<associate|page right margin|30mm>
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<associate|page top margin|30mm>
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<associate|reduction page right margin|25mm>
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<associate|page type|a4>
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<associate|reduction page bottom margin|15mm>
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<associate|even page margin|30mm>
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<associate|reduction page left margin|25mm>
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<associate|page bottom margin|30mm>
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<associate|reduction page top margin|15mm>
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<associate|language|french>
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</collection>
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</initial>
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<\references>
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<\collection>
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<associate|idx-1|<tuple|<uninit>|?>>
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<associate|toc-1|<tuple|1|?>>
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<associate|toc-2|<tuple|2|?>>
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<associate|idx-2|<tuple|<uninit>|?>>
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<associate|toc-3|<tuple|3|?>>
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<associate|toc-4|<tuple|4|?>>
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<associate|toc-5|<tuple|5|?>>
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<associate|toc-6|<tuple|6|?>>
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<associate|toc-7|<tuple|4.|?>>
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</collection>
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</references>
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<\auxiliary>
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<\collection>
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<\associate|toc>
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<vspace*|1fn><with|font series|<quote|bold>|math font
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series|<quote|bold>|1<space|2spc>Classical conceptions of
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fonts><value|toc-dots><pageref|toc-1><vspace|0.5fn>
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<vspace*|1fn><with|font series|<quote|bold>|math font
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series|<quote|bold>|2<space|2spc>The conception of a font in
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TeXmacs><value|toc-dots><pageref|toc-2><vspace|0.5fn>
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<vspace*|1fn><with|font series|<quote|bold>|math font
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series|<quote|bold>|3<space|2spc>String
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encodings><value|toc-dots><pageref|toc-3><vspace|0.5fn>
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<vspace*|1fn><with|font series|<quote|bold>|math font
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series|<quote|bold>|4<space|2spc>The abstract font
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class><value|toc-dots><pageref|toc-4><vspace|0.5fn>
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<vspace*|1fn><with|font series|<quote|bold>|math font
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series|<quote|bold>|5<space|2spc>Implementation of concrete
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fonts><value|toc-dots><pageref|toc-5><vspace|0.5fn>
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<vspace*|1fn><with|font series|<quote|bold>|math font
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series|<quote|bold>|6<space|2spc>Font
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selection><value|toc-dots><pageref|toc-6><vspace|0.5fn>
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</associate>
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</collection>
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</auxiliary>
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