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<TeXmacs|2.1.3>
<style|<tuple|generic|chinese|doc>>
<\body>
<\hide-preamble>
<assign|term|<macro|x|<translate|<arg|x>|english|chinese><glossary-explain|<arg|x>|<translate|<arg|x>|english|chinese>>>>
</hide-preamble>
<doc-data|<doc-title|数学结构入门>|<doc-author|<author-data|<author-name|沈达>>>>
<subsection|上标和下标>
\;
<term|superscript><term|subscript>是最基础的数学结构除了上标和下标还有<term|left
superscript><term|left subscript><term|script above><term|script
below>
<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|1|1|-1|cell-background|pastel
green>|<cwith|1|-1|1|-1|cell-halign|c>|<cwith|4|4|2|2|cell-row-span|2>|<cwith|4|4|2|2|cell-col-span|1>|<cwith|1|-1|1|-1|cell-valign|c>|<table|<row|<cell|上下标>|<cell|示例>|<cell|输入方式>>|<row|<cell|上标>|<cell|<math|360<rsup|\<circ\>>>>|<cell|<key|^>>>|<row|<cell|下标>|<cell|<math|A<rsub|i
j>>>|<cell|<key|_>>>|<row|<cell|左上标>|<cell|<math|<lsup|227><lsub|90>Th>>|<cell|>>|<row|<cell|左下标>|<cell|>|<cell|>>|<row|<cell|正上标>|<cell|<math|<above|<text|>|<text|nín>><above|<text|>|<text|hǎo>>>>|<cell|<menu|Insert|Script|Script
above>>>|<row|<cell|正下标>|<cell|<math|<below|min|i>>>|<cell|<menu|Insert|Script|Script
below>>>>>>>
上下标的输入方式
</big-table>
<term|left subscript><term|left subscript>的输入稍稍有一些不一样按照从左到右的顺序我们可以先用<menu|Insert|Script|Left
Subscript>输入左上标然后再把光标往右移出左下标的作用范围输入左下标所依附的主体最后将光标移动到<term|left
subscript>的作用范围内使用<term|focus dependent
icons>里面的<icon|tm_insert_up.xpm>按钮就可以进入<term|left
superscript>的输入结构
<subsection|分式>
\;
分式不仅可以在数学模式下使用在文本模式下也可以输入使用命令<markup|frac><\footnote>
命令<markup|frac>是指使用<key|\\><key|f><key|r><key|a><key|c><key|return>这样的按键序列来输入内容按下<key|\\>之后进入进入<LaTeX>/<TeXmacs>混合命令模式然后输入命令最后按下回车键下文中提到的其它命令也是类似的输入方式
</footnote>在任何模式下都可以使用分式不同的系统下在数学模式中输入分式的快捷键<\footnote>
<key|escape escape>这个快捷键前缀是随系统变化的在macOS中是Option键<key*|escape
escape>是不随系统变化的都是按两下ESC键
</footnote>是不同的
<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|1|2|2|cell-valign|b>|<cwith|1|-1|1|-1|cell-halign|c>|<cwith|1|1|1|-1|cell-background|pastel
green>|<table|<row|<cell|输入方式>|<cell|适用场景>|<cell|系统>>|<row|<cell|<markup|frac>>|<cell|任意模式>|<cell|通用>>|<row|<cell|<menu|Insert|Fraction>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|通用>>|<row|<cell|<key|escape
escape><key|f>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|随系统变化>>|<row|<cell|<key*|escape
escape><key|f>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|通用>>>>>>
分式的输入方式
</big-table>
<subsection|根式>
\;
根式和分式类似在所有模式下都可以使用不过一般我们只在数学模式下使用就平方根<glossary-explain|square
root|平方根>而言输入方式如下表所示
<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|-1|1|-1|cell-halign|c>|<cwith|4|4|1|1|cell-valign|b>|<table|<row|<cell|输入方式>|<cell|适用场景>|<cell|系统>>|<row|<cell|<markup|sqrt>>|<cell|任意模式>|<cell|通用>>|<row|<cell|<menu|Insert|Square
root>>|<cell|任意模式>|<cell|通用>>|<row|<cell|<key|escape
escape><key|s>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|随系统变化>>|<row|<cell|<key*|escape
escape><key|s>>|<cell|数学模式>|<cell|通用>>>>>>
平方根的输入方式
</big-table>
对于高次方根<glossary-explain|multiple
root|高次方根>在数学模式下可以使用菜单项<menu|Insert|Multiple
root>插入也可以在输入平方根的当下<\footnote>
当下指在输入平方根之后立即按下<key|tab>另外使用命令输入之后该方式无效
</footnote>使用<key|tab>将平方根切换到高次方根
除了用菜单命令快捷键输入数学结构也可以使用工具栏菜单之下有三个工具栏
<\itemize>
<item>主要工具栏通用功能不随模式和焦点的改变而变化
<item>模式工具栏随着模式的改变而变化数学模式下模式工具栏比较常用
<item>焦点工具栏随着焦点的改变而变化对应于菜单栏中的焦点菜单
</itemize>
\;
在输入平方根之后我们可以使用<menu|Focus|Multiple
root>将平方根切换为高次方根焦点菜单中的菜单项都可以在焦点工具栏中找到对应的按钮
<subsection|矩阵><label|matrix>
\;
<TeXmacs>的矩阵<glossary-explain|matrix|矩阵>在底层实际上是表格所以在使用上和表格的操作几乎相同
<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|1|1|-1|cell-background|pastel
green>|<cwith|1|1|3|3|cell-background|pastel
green>|<table|<row|<cell|amsmath>|<cell|示例>|<cell|命令>>|<row|<cell|matrix>|<cell|<with|math-display|true|<math|<matrix*|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>>>>|<cell|<markup|matrix*>>>|<row|<cell|bmatrix>|<cell|<bmatrix|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>>|<cell|<markup|bmatrix>>>|<row|<cell|vmatrix>|<cell|<det|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>>|<cell|<compound|markup|>>>|<row|<cell|pmatrix>|<cell|<matrix|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>>|<cell|<markup|matrix>>>|<row|<cell|Bmatrix>|<cell|<math|<around*|{|<matrix*|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>|}>>>|<cell|>>|<row|<cell|Vmatrix>|<cell|<math|<around*|\<\|\|\>|<matrix*|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a>|<cell|b>>|<row|<cell|c>|<cell|d>>>>>|\<\|\|\>>>>|<cell|>>>>>>
矩阵一览
</big-table>
AMS-<LaTeX>里面提供了一系列矩阵环境都可以在<TeXmacs>中轻松输入如上表所示其中的matrix,
bmatrix, pmatrix都可以通过<TeXmacs>命令输入而vmatrix即行列式可以通过菜单项<menu|Insert|Table|Determinant><\footnote>
注意菜单项行列式当且仅当在数学环境中才可见
</footnote>输入剩下的Bmatrix和Vmatrix则可以先输入外围的括号再使用命令<markup|matrix*>输入
矩阵环境中常用的省略号有<markup|dots>, <markup|vdots>,
<markup|ddots>
<\equation*>
A=<bmatrix|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|a<rsub|1
1>>|<cell|\<ldots\>>|<cell|a<rsub|1 n>>>|<row|<cell|>|<cell|\<ddots\>>|<cell|\<vdots\>>>|<row|<cell|0>|<cell|>|<cell|a<rsub|n
n>>>>>><rsub|n\<times\>n>
</equation*>
\;
这三种省略号除了直接用<LaTeX>模拟命令输入也可以采用<TeXmacs>特有的快捷键系统
<\big-table|<tabular|<tformat|<cwith|1|1|1|-1|cell-background|pastel
green>|<cwith|1|-1|1|1|cell-halign|c>|<table|<row|<cell|省略号>|<cell|按键序列>>|<row|<cell|<math|\<ldots\>>>|<cell|<key|$><key|.><key|.>>>|<row|<cell|<math|\<vdots\>>>|<cell|<key|$><key|.><key|.><key|tab><key|tab><key|tab>>>|<row|<cell|<math|\<ddots\>>>|<cell|<key|$><key|.><key|.><key|tab><key|tab><key|tab><key|tab>>>>>>>
省略号的输入
</big-table>
当我们把光标放在省略号之后就可以在底部状态栏看到光标所在位置省略号的名字
还有另外两个场景其本质是矩阵的特殊形式
其一是分段函数<TeXmacs>中这种数学结构叫做<dfn|选择><glossary-explain|choice|选择>可以通过<menu|Insert|Table|Choice>输入
<\equation*>
<choice|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|y=-<frac|1|2>x+3>|<cell|,x\<in\><around*|(|-\<infty\>,0|)>>>|<row|<cell|y=<frac|1|2>x<rsup|2>>|<cell|,x\<in\><around*|[|0,+\<infty\>|)>>>>>>
</equation*>
\;
其二是求和公式下面的<dfn|堆叠><glossary-explain|stack|堆叠>可以通过<menu|Insert|Table|Stack>输入
<\equation*>
<big|sum><rsub|<stack|<tformat|<table|<row|<cell|0\<less\>i\<less\>n>>|<row|<cell|0\<less\>j\<less\>m>>>>>>x<rsub|i
j>
</equation*>
\;
</body>
<\references>
<\collection>
<associate|auto-1|<tuple|1|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-10|<tuple|1|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-11|<tuple|left subscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-12|<tuple|left subscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-13|<tuple|left subscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-14|<tuple|left subscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-15|<tuple|focus dependent
icons|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-16|<tuple|left superscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-17|<tuple|2|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-18|<tuple|2|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-19|<tuple|2|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-2|<tuple|superscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-20|<tuple|3|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-21|<tuple|square root|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-22|<tuple|3|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-23|<tuple|3|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-24|<tuple|multiple root|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-25|<tuple|multiple root|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-26|<tuple|<with|mode|<quote|math>|\<bullet\>>|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-27|<tuple|4|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-28|<tuple|matrix|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-29|<tuple|4|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-3|<tuple|subscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-30|<tuple|4|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-31|<tuple|5|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-32|<tuple|choice|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-33|<tuple|choice|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-34|<tuple|stack|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-35|<tuple|stack|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-4|<tuple|left superscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-5|<tuple|left subscript|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-6|<tuple|script above|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-7|<tuple|script below|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-8|<tuple|1|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|auto-9|<tuple|1|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|footnote-1|<tuple|1|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|footnote-2|<tuple|2|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|footnote-3|<tuple|3|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|footnote-4|<tuple|4|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|footnr-1|<tuple|1|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|footnr-2|<tuple|2|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|footnr-3|<tuple|3|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|footnr-4|<tuple|4|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
<associate|matrix|<tuple|4|?|../../../../.Xmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_2.tm>>
</collection>
</references>
<\auxiliary>
<\collection>
<\associate|gly>
<tuple|normal|superscript|上标|<pageref|auto-2>>
<tuple|normal|subscript|下标|<pageref|auto-3>>
<tuple|normal|left superscript|左上标|<pageref|auto-4>>
<tuple|normal|left subscript|左下标|<pageref|auto-5>>
<tuple|normal|script above|顶标|<pageref|auto-6>>
<tuple|normal|script below|底标|<pageref|auto-7>>
<tuple|normal|left subscript|左下标|<pageref|auto-11>>
<tuple|normal|left subscript|左下标|<pageref|auto-12>>
<tuple|normal|left subscript|左下标|<pageref|auto-14>>
<tuple|normal|focus dependent icons|焦点工具栏|<pageref|auto-15>>
<tuple|normal|left superscript|左上标|<pageref|auto-16>>
<tuple|normal|square root|平方根|<pageref|auto-21>>
<tuple|normal|multiple root|高次方根|<pageref|auto-24>>
<tuple|normal|matrix|矩阵|<pageref|auto-28>>
<tuple|normal|choice|选择|<pageref|auto-32>>
<tuple|normal|stack|堆叠|<pageref|auto-34>>
</associate>
<\associate|idx>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|上下标>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|顶标>>|<pageref|auto-9>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|上下标>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|底标>>|<pageref|auto-10>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|上下标>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|Left
Subscript>>|<pageref|auto-13>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|分式>>|<pageref|auto-19>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|平方根>>|<pageref|auto-23>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|高次方根>>|<pageref|auto-25>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|焦点>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|高次方根>>|<pageref|auto-26>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|表格>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|行列式>>|<pageref|auto-30>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|表格>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|选择>>|<pageref|auto-33>>
<tuple|<tuple|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|插入>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|表格>|<with|font-family|<quote|ss>|堆叠>>|<pageref|auto-35>>
</associate>
<\associate|table>
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|1>|>
上下标的输入方式
</surround>|<pageref|auto-8>>
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|2>|>
分式的输入方式
</surround>|<pageref|auto-18>>
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|3>|>
平方根的输入方式
</surround>|<pageref|auto-22>>
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|4>|>
矩阵一览
</surround>|<pageref|auto-29>>
<tuple|normal|<\surround|<hidden-binding|<tuple>|5>|>
省略号的输入
</surround>|<pageref|auto-31>>
</associate>
<\associate|toc>
<with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|1<space|2spc>上标和下标
<datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
<no-break><pageref|auto-1>>
<with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|2<space|2spc>分式
<datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
<no-break><pageref|auto-17>>
<with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|3<space|2spc>根式
<datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
<no-break><pageref|auto-20>>
<with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|4<space|2spc>矩阵
<datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
<no-break><pageref|auto-27>>
</associate>
</collection>
</auxiliary>